natural energies As ocean energy we have seen, the subject of a section of them and has a special importance, especially at this time our eastern friends are suffering the most devastating earthquake in modern history.
Before entering directly into the topic, we intend to review, in summary, each and every energy alternative for the physical, with its typical characteristics and its intrinsic relationship:
barometric tide: is the most inconsequential of all, caused by the variation of Earth's atmospheric pressure, whose normal value is expressed in meters of water column, 10, 33, as a result of variable density of the air caused by the difference temperature is maximum and minimum limits 5.25% of average value, which you can expect a low barometric tide 0.54 meters lower than normal and 0.54 higher when the atmospheric pressure at its maximum value. The total difference, 1.08 m. the same order that the simple gravitational open ocean, although it presents very noticeable differences. Unlike gravity, predictable and systematic is entirely circumstantial. Located in any place on earth came to it in its rotation while the pressure differences persist.
Wave Energy
also fixed, as it relates to the accompaniment of the Earth's rotation, we have the power of the waves, which is caused by the winds, which accompanied in direction and energy, along with the barometric, both are added algebraically to the gravitational tide as we have seen, is taking values \u200b\u200bfrom low tide to high tide as far as our planet crosses the 24.8 hours daily of total spin.
tidal energy
In the gravitational, wrongly attributed to the mutual attraction between earth moon and sun, the earth's rotation causes the relative movement who supplies needed to transform the gravitational force on energy. Without earth's rotation power is at stake. Existence of forces only. Another feature is the direction of the tide. Although obvious, the barometric pressure, when no fixed address. Not so with the gravity, which is equatorial direction and sense of progress on the contrary to the rotation of the earth which moves in the opposite direction of clockwise viewed from the north pole.
In conclusion, independent of Earth's rotation are the barometer and wave. Under the energetic point of view comparatively the most important is the wave that leads to the tidal between 10000 to 14000 times more for the same height.
Of the three alternatives that pay attention only linked to the Earth's rotation is tidal. The other two go with it, as well as the
tsunamis 
Tsunami is a Japanese compound word whose translation into English is "harbor wave" and was adopted internationally in the absence of English word to represent the phenomenon. In English the most about is the tsunami. It is so called a sea wave whose source is a large-scale disturbance, usually caused by earthquakes (earthquakes). However it is not limited and can be, for example, a meteorite falling in the ocean. It's not really my specialty seismography why I prefer to try to convey the phenomenon of the fall of a meteorite, rather more didactic and comprehensible. Let's start building on the attached figure which represents the scale phenomenon. The fall of a ball in the center of the liquid in a circular container (a bowl) produces a wave in the center spreads towards the periphery. In the case of the figure are several because the disturbance is caused by the repetition of the drop that produces concentric waves away from the center. The waves move with speed but do not cause major power so that a small float located in the path of the wave does not move from his position but that only moves in the vertical direction, up and down. Led to the reality, any boat away from continental interference have absolutely no difficulty in navigation and will be exempt from all types of accidents. The other phenomenon is that as the concentric waves away from the disturbance energy dissipates so that the surface is increased inversely with the height of the wave. Unlike the tidal wave as explained above has a unique address and a single equatorial relative sense, the tsunami wave is omnidirectional and therefore a damping coefficient of the distance well above the wave equal tidal height. To understand this better let's take the example of a coastal lighthouse, a flashlight or a laser beam. With the same energy to the bulb of the flashlight but without the help of the parabolic reflector that concentrates the light wave can never achieve the same intensity at a given distance. Not to mention the laser beam, now used as substitute for the optical sight of the weapons of war. An omnidirectional emission means sharing power in a spherical surface (3.14 x d2). If superficial, one-quarter (0.785 x d2) and if in one direction, concentrated in a single grade of 360, the ratio would be 1440. A lighthouse would need 1440 times more light energy to the same extent as if the source were timely. If the focus in such a way that is visible in a plane at sea level, the power required would drop to 360 and if the focus on a line and let you turn, as it happens in reality, the power required will be 1. Likewise the tsunamica wave energy, surface and omnidirectional has 360 times more cushioning than the way of the tide, whose address is set by the Earth's rotation as we have seen every time we address the issue.
Calculate the energy of a "ball" the weight of the Hoba meteorite found in South West Africa and whose weight is 60 tons is a lot easier for me to say that an earthquake of 9 on the Richter scale has a power equivalent to , 9.12. 10 terawatt
6 sec, a subject we leave for the final. To give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe energy of falling meteor, suppose that the 60 tons 10.000mts fall height. The energy is 60,000 kgs
per 10,000 m, which in kilogrameter are 600 million and 1635 in Kw hours. And in power, knowing that takes 45 seconds to reach the ground from 10,000 meters, has a capacity of 130 Mega Watts. (Notes talking about elephants and power and energy as part of the blog)
Let us call E the energy of the disturbance caused in the example. Assuming that the energy is transformed into hydraulic energy, giving rise to a wave symmetry polar sea, and calling and e
1 2 at specific energies corresponding to the distances R and R
1 2 from the epicenter ,
has to be E = e
1 . S
1 = e
2 .
2 S where S and S
1 2 are the surfaces of the concentric circles at distances R and R
1 2. From equality shows that
And being e = Kh 2
For the specific case of Sendai 130 Km if the wave had a height of 10 meters to 1300 km height is 1 meter.
I think at this point no one disputes that an earthquake caused damage are the earthquake itself, to regard the Richter scale and caused side tsunami emerging from the same cause. However the consequences of both alternatives quantitatively weighted I do not think that lead to discussion. The recent earthquakes in Japan are glaring enough to confirm that the earthquake disasters themselves have been of much less value than those from the tsunami. The television images and the satellite is shown before and after are categorical. Think nature face, avoiding, reducing, mitigating the effects of earthquakes is unthinkable, but even considering that the displacements are a natural and necessary response to a gradual balance against a total pop of our planet. What is really worrying is the problem of tsunami, as many of the things that happen on our planet such as ozone depletion, the greenhouse effect, or "do as I say and not as I do" and so on. For those who live on the eastern coast, inland to interference undeniable tidal waves, we find it surprising the concern of the countries located on the western coasts to more than 10,000 km away from the epicenter, about the contribution of just one or two meters from the remnants of the mother of the tsunami wave of 10 meters and also the devastating consequences of a 10-meter wave originated at 130 km from Sendai, the result of the underestimation of possible moves telluric able to increase the usual coastal tides less than 2 or 3 meters high repeated for 170 years but sufficient stimulus to win a valuable space from the sea no matter what the Pacific is prone to repeated earthquakes. Did coastal tides repeated 10 to 12 meters to 60 days per month and 12 months per year are not compelling enough for anyone to attempt to usurp land from 1500 to 5000 m to the sea during the ebb left free for the short time between low tide and high tide? . All American West Coast from Chile to California and even lived yet there were some evacuations and accidents by just 1 to three meters from Japanese tsunami contribution.
Punta Quilla (Rio Santa Cruz) at 50 ° S. lat has normal tides of 12.3 meters, in equatorial syzygies perigee, 11.9 meters in syzygies of perigee and mean of 11.0. Punta Loyola for the same conditions, 12.2 m, 11.9 and 10.9. This condition is repeated for millions of years and is presented twice daily. If we take a 11 km waterfront urban area corresponding to Sendai, the equivalent power of a tide of Punta Loyola is 1,200 Giga Watt, nearly 10 times more than the 130 hypothetical example meteoric disturbance.
Once again the media coverage confuses the public misinterpreting the correct data supplied by experts or by going to sources that are not clear about the most elemental. The emphasis, for example, the speed of propagation of the tsunami mentioning the 800 km / hour as a prominent feature when it is completely irrelevant and what matters is the growth of wave height, in km / hour is only 0 , 02. Amount to 33 cm per minute, or 5.5 mm per second almost imperceptible to the eye. Furthermore, compared with the tidal wave velocity, 800 are less than half that of the tidal wave, the order of 1666 km / hour or less than a quarter of the relative velocity between the coastal tidal encounter returnee and arrivant.
Any boat, from a single kayak to a tanker of 400,000 deadweight tons, or even detect the wave for more inertia you have. Elapse 30 minutes to raise sea level 10 meters so feared and unless the vessel is an Oceanographic Laboratory, Captain only found out by radio that the boat is floating on a wave tsunamica. On the contrary, upon arrival coastal mainland interference would cause chaos, for example, all those places up to a distance L is calculated by dividing the height of the wave of the coastal slope. As an example the 10 meters to the place of evacuation for all residents living within 10 km coastal for a slope of 0.001 but only if they have time to do so, materialization difficult thing in the case of the 9.75 minutes available in Sendai. This is proof that the problem, rather than attributable to the nature is the human being unable to hear warnings from time to time makes it go.
Alerts. Under the security point of view there are two types of alerts. The preventive and emergency. In cases like the present one think that the emergency should be forgotten. How many aftershocks occurred after the earthquake of 8.9? What guarantee is there that in either the center does not take place between 200 and 500 km but the western side of the island, where are located the remaining nuclear under the same conditions as the 4 on the east side? The pre-positioning should be in the hands of international agencies aware that there is a possibility, however remote, of invasion of the ocean in populated places located at a lower level to a tsunami. Should at least prevented the installation of power has the possibility of existence within those limits. The emergency alert is not always feasible. Sendai is shown. In less than 10 minutes nothing can be done.
The tsunami of Sendai Actually, the earthquake whose epicenter is located 130 km east of Sendai has caused three disasters:
1 The earthquake damage itself
2 The dangers inherent in tsunami
3 The linked to the destruction of nuclear
Quantitatively, the importance of material and human losses, contrary to what might be expected, are lower in the first case against the following, with an extremely worrying as the last two, unlike the first could have been avoided. I dare say that the tsunami has been responsible for more than ninety percent of the losses until the day of date in connection with human and material destruction. No doubt the Pacific area is prone to earthquakes. The mere fact of building all earthquake-resistant buildings means admitting the possibility that earthquakes occur sporadically. and no doubt either that the application of seismic concept is effective in a proportion so high that it can be considered a success of modern technology. But all the attention on this has been disproved as the case of side effects of ground shaking. Tsunamis are ocean waves generated as a result of energy release of earthquakes when the epicenters of these originate from the seabed. The wave is huge, exceeding the focus of 20 feet, and moved
with polar symmetry, in all directions.
As we move away from the epicenter height decreases depending on the area of \u200b\u200bthe circle covered by the distance at which you want to measure the effect of the tsunami. Based on data of the quake with epicenter at 130 kilometers east of Sendai, we have plotted, while maintaining constant energy values, the resulting heights (ordinates) for different distances (abscissa) to the focus of the movement.
is a set of hyperbolas with values \u200b\u200bobtained on the basis of the tsunami of Sendai, 130 km from the epicenter with a wave height of 10 meters. The remaining two correspond to the same height but at 65 and 500 miles from home. In the case of a hyperbola if we approach the focus of the movement, ie to zero distance, the height of the wave tends to infinity. For example, if the distance had been 50 km of the wave height is 30 meters for
The problem now is checking the heights of the wave with respect to that on the coast, which acts as an interference with the arrival of wave. If the expense account was not in 170 years no wave 10 meters high, one recognized during that period, the possibility will submit such a catastrophe and of course to be built cities whose altitude above sea level is less than 10 meters. Nature does not bother the human beings to be so but I noticed in those 170 years. It also warns you twice a day on the Patagonian coast of Argentina with a chance of being "usurped" two or three thousand meters from shore for just a couple of hours. From the Gulf of San Matías the southern tip of Tierra del Fuego in 2400 km of coastline are known double tides over 12 feet keel Pta, Pta Loyola, San Sebastian, Strait of Magellan, and the 10 meters in Sendai, Puerto San Antonio, San Román Anchorage, Mission Creek.
GPS and satellite views are invaluable tools to ensure that Sendai is not exactly the right place to build a city establish a parking lot
vehicles waiting to be shipped for export, a port with docks 10 meters
lower than expected, etc. Even less about nuclear plants and II Daiich Fukushima.I-Daini, Onagawa and Tokai. Built on the east coast with normal high tides on the order of 1.35 meters, an unexpected wave after 40 years of flawless operation is introduced into the control room in the machine, in bathrooms, ... throughout the plant. Under these conditions it is naive to expect the emergency cooling pumps can continue doing its job. In short, the problem was not 9 degrees but the consequences Richter oceanic Wave carry unexpected and ignored for 170 years
nine meters high is the parabolic roof of our workshop, located at 2000 mts Necochea only imagine what the Atlantic coast what would happen if from the beach from entering a Wave of ceiling height: drive away all the protections against short-circuits the entire underground wiring 8 meters in the water, since as the evacuation would be impossible. A 130 km from the coast and 800 km / h the wave would have taken 9.75 minutes, long enough to join us all in the list of "disappeared", including the barn, a quarter of an hour ago would have withstood the quake jolts grade 9 on the Richter scale or the equivalent in the Mercalli. Everything is true ... scary ... scary ...
Now what happens if we change the wave of the tsunami by one of the same height but from coastal tide repeating 10 times a month for millions of years in Punta Quilla? No doubt the same thing happen. For both the specific energy is the same, e = 0.51 xh
2 And if the wavelength is the same also is the absolute value of energy per meter of width or front. Also, if the speed of movement is similar, the power will be the same or at most a bit more because the speed of the tsunami of March 11 was 800 mph and that of the tide for the area is 1070 km / hour. Really then, what is the problem? Never in the 130-year life of Necochea, even with the addition of the three waves, barometric pressure, the gravitational waves, never exceeded the height of the coastal path, our Avenue 2. Nor have we known references to the Atlantic Ocean is prone to earthquakes. Both the 10 meters of the earthquake in Japan, as the 10 to 12 of the daily tide of Punta Quilla would be catastrophic for our city. To Punta Quilla, instead, 1.77 m maximum necochenses are negligible, but neither are concerned about themselves and only 12.5 flood the same areas over millions of years, not only preventing but also noting that in the course of 6 hours someone can become established. Obviously, those 6 hours are not the same as the 150 years of the "ring of fire" of the Pacific Ocean.
The copy of the physical map of Japan are highlighted with different shades of green coastal slope. Wider green, less steep and therefore more likely to advance wave of 10 meters.
With the media we have today is very easy to see, in half an hour watching the Internet, which are not exactly rugged coastlines, cliffs, quite the contrary, they suggest human intervention and are reminiscent of the Dutch polder. The television images exempt us from any comment. The coastal levees were never designed for this contingency and are overcome by the wave both going back to homes, cars, trains, ships, etc. many of which were supported as proof roofs and bridges. Observe as Arahama and the Airport are within an area of \u200b\u200b10 meters.
Some comments are not clear to readers who come for the first time to blog. We encourage all to read advance issues related to the tidal and wave energy focused on the wave point of view. As a guarantee we offer daily visits of more than 300 stakeholders from various universities in the world to which we are eternally agradecidos.Tengo must confess that I never imagined the assiduous attendance of countries whose language is a drawback to this approach. The repeated visits confirms the interest and the agreement with our points of view and forces us to keep this almost inexplicable effort to overcome the difficulties of the Tower of Babel.
seismography - Richter Scale We have tried to extract more reliable data directly related to energy corresponding to the numbers on the scale without going into the mechanism of the seismograph itself and the interpretation of graphs that do not contribute to our goal. The highlight that we found in this regard is the correspondence between the number on the scale and energy of the quake expressed in joules
giving values \u200b\u200bof 1 to 10 M have cleared the values \u200b\u200bof E and in a semilogarithmic paper we have plotted the line that represents it. In order to save time, here are a table of equivalence of units so far little used in our notes:
look
that to 130 megawatts of energy sec 60 tons fell from 10000 mts their share 2.5 points Richter scale.
As a second alternative we have built a second graph of much greater precision for the sole purpose of refuting false explanations abound on the Internet related to the Richter scale. There are from those who say that the energy of each number is double the previous Richter, or the tenfold, if a "math whiz" former sportscaster. It is clear that moving from one number to the next involves increased by 32.70 the previous energy, easily demonstrable starting or the M1 which corresponds to 170 grams of TNT (tri nitro toluene) and multiplying 8 times starting from 32.70 or M9 with 240 million tons and dividing 8 times for the same 32.70. In order to save space we used the same paper to represent logarithmic scale from 9 to 2, divided into three parts, namely:
With red from M9 to M6, M6 to M4 blue and green M2 and M3
Based on the original data, namely the M9 Energy
scale = 240 million ton.de TNT Power
M2 = 6 Kg of TNT
With the same procedure to calculate the energy of M
say
Value multiplied by itself 10 times yields as a result of 32.70 for the jump between each of the integer values \u200b\u200bof M.
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